Robustness of power systems under a democratic fiber bundle-like model

We consider a power system with $N$ transmission lines whose initial loads (i.e., power flows) $L_1, \ldots, L_N$ are independent and identically distributed with $P_L(x)$. The capacity $C_i$ defines the maximum flow allowed on line $i$, and is assumed to be given by $C_i=(1+α)L_i$, with $α>0$. We study the robustness of this power system against random attacks (or, failures) that target a $p$-{\em fraction} of the lines, under a democratic fiber bundle-like model. Namely, when a line fails, the load it was carrying is redistributed equally among the remaining lines. Our contributions are as follows: i) we show analytically that the final breakdown of the system always takes place through a first-order transition at the critical attack size $p^{\star}=1-\frac{E[L]}{\max\{P(L>x)(αx + E[L ~|~ L>x])\}}~~~$; ii) we derive conditions on the distribution $P_L(x)$ for which the first order break down of the system occurs abruptly without any preceding diverging rate of failure; iii) we provide a detailed analysis of the robustness of the system under three specific load distributions: Uniform, Pareto, and Weibull, showing that with the minimum load $L_{\textrm{min}}$ and mean load $E[L]$ fixed, Pareto distribution is the worst (in terms of robustness) among the three, whereas Weibull distribution is the best with shape parameter selected relatively large; iv) we provide numerical results that confirm our mean-field analysis; and v) we show that $p^{\star}$ is maximized when the load distribution is a Dirac delta function centered at $E[L]$, i.e., when all lines carry the same load; we also show that optimal $p^{\star}$ equals $\fracα{α+1}$. This last finding is particularly surprising given that heterogeneity is known to lead to high robustness against random failures in many other systems.