On the lengths of divisible codes

In this article, the effective lengths of all $q^r$-divisible linear codes over $\mathbb{F}_q$ with a non-negative integer $r$ are determined. For that purpose, the $S_q(r)$-adic expansion of an integer $n$ is introduced. It is shown that there exists a $q^r$-divisible $\mathbb{F}_q$-linear code of effective length $n$ if and only if the leading coefficient of the $S_q(r)$-adic expansion of $n$ is non-negative. Furthermore, the maximum weight of a $q^r$-divisible code of effective length $n$ is at most $σq^r$, where $σ$ denotes the cross-sum of the $S_q(r)$-adic expansion of $n$. This result has applications in Galois geometries. A recent theorem of N{ă}stase and Sissokho on the maximum size of a partial spread follows as a corollary. Furthermore, we get an improvement of the Johnson bound for constant dimension subspace codes.