Finding Substitutable Binary Code By Synthesizing Adapters

Independently developed codebases typically contain many segments of code that perform same or closely related operations (semantic clones). Finding functionally equivalent segments enables applications like replacing a segment by a more efficient or more secure alternative. Such related segments often have different interfaces, so some glue code (an adapter) is needed to replace one with the other. We present an algorithm that searches for replaceable code segments at the function level by attempting to synthesize an adapter between them from some family of adapters; it terminates if it finds no possible adapter. We implement our technique using (1) concrete adapter enumeration based on Intel's Pin framework (2) binary symbolic execution, and explore the relation between size of adapter search space and total search time. We present examples of applying adapter synthesis for improving security and efficiency of binary functions, deobfuscating binary functions, and switching between binary implementations of RC4. We present two large-scale evaluations, (1) we run adapter synthesis on more than 13,000 function pairs from the Linux C library, (2) using more than 61,000 fragments of binary code extracted from a ARM image built for the iPod Nano 2g device and known functions from the VLC media player, we evaluate our adapter synthesis implementation on more than a million synthesis tasks . Our results confirm that several instances of adaptably equivalent binary functions exist in real-world code, and suggest that adapter synthesis can be applied for reverse engineering and for constructing cleaner, less buggy, more efficient programs.