The Sparse Vector Technique, Revisited

We revisit one of the most basic and widely applicable techniques in the literature of differential privacy - the sparse vector technique [Dwork et al., STOC 2009]. This simple algorithm privately tests whether the value of a given query on a database is close to what we expect it to be. It allows to ask an unbounded number of queries as long as the answer is close to what we expect, and halts following the first query for which this is not the case. We suggest an alternative, equally simple, algorithm that can continue testing queries as long as any single individual does not contribute to the answer of too many queries whose answer deviates substantially form what we expect. Our analysis is subtle and some of its ingredients may be more widely applicable. In some cases our new algorithm allows to privately extract much more information from the database than the original. We demonstrate this by applying our algorithm to the shifting heavy-hitters problem: On every time step, each of $n$ users gets a new input, and the task is to privately identify all the current heavy-hitters. That is, on time step $i$, the goal is to identify all data elements $x$ such that many of the users have $x$ as their current input. We present an algorithm for this problem with improved error guarantees over what can be obtained using existing techniques. Specifically, the error of our algorithm depends on the maximal number of times that a single user holds a heavy-hitter as input, rather than the total number of times in which a heavy-hitter exists.