Analysis of Software Engineering Practices in General Software and Machine Learning Startups

Context: On top of the inherent challenges startup software companies face applying proper software engineering practices, the non-deterministic nature of machine learning techniques makes it even more difficult for machine learning (ML) startups. Objective: Therefore, the objective of our study is to understand the whole picture of software engineering practices followed by ML startups and identify additional needs. Method: To achieve our goal, we conducted a systematic literature review study on 37 papers published in the last 21 years. We selected papers on both general software startups and ML startups. We collected data to understand software engineering (SE) practices in five phases of the software development life-cycle: requirement engineering, design, development, quality assurance, and deployment. Results: We find some interesting differences in software engineering practices in ML startups and general software startups. The data management and model learning phases are the most prominent among them. Conclusion: While ML startups face many similar challenges to general software startups, the additional difficulties of using stochastic ML models require different strategies in using software engineering practices to produce high-quality products.