Temporal Separators with Deadlines

We study temporal analogues of the Unrestricted Vertex Separator problem from the static world. An $(s,z)$-temporal separator is a set of vertices whose removal disconnects vertex $s$ from vertex $z$ for every time step in a temporal graph. The $(s,z)$-Temporal Separator problem asks to find the minimum size of an $(s,z)$-temporal separator for the given temporal graph. We introduce a generalization of this problem called the $(s,z,t)$-Temporal Separator problem, where the goal is to find a smallest subset of vertices whose removal eliminates all temporal paths from $s$ to $z$ which take less than $t$ time steps. Let $τ$ denote the number of time steps over which the temporal graph is defined (we consider discrete time steps). We characterize the set of parameters $τ$ and $t$ when the problem is $\mathcal{NP}$-hard and when it is polynomial time solvable. Then we present a $τ$-approximation algorithm for the $(s,z)$-Temporal Separator problem and convert it to a $τ^2$-approximation algorithm for the $(s,z,t)$-Temporal Separator problem. We also present an inapproximability lower bound of $Ω(\ln(n) + \ln(τ))$ for the $(s,z,t)$-Temporal Separator problem assuming that $\mathcal{NP}\not\subset\mbox{\sc Dtime}(n^{\log\log n})$. Then we consider three special families of graphs: (1) graphs of branchwidth at most $2$, (2) graphs $G$ such that the removal of $s$ and $z$ leaves a tree, and (3) graphs of bounded pathwidth. We present polynomial-time algorithms to find a minimum $(s,z,t)$-temporal separator for (1) and (2). As for (3), we show a polynomial-time reduction from the Discrete Segment Covering problem with bounded-length segments to the $(s,z,t)$-Temporal Separator problem where the temporal graph has bounded pathwidth.