Stale Profile Matching

Profile-guided optimizations rely on profile data for directing compilers to generate optimized code. To achieve the maximum performance boost, profile data needs to be collected on the same version of the binary that is being optimized. In practice however, there is typically a gap between the profile collection and the release, which makes a portion of the profile invalid for optimizations. This phenomenon is known as profile staleness, and it is a serious practical problem for data-center workloads both for compilers and binary optimizers. In this paper we thoroughly study the staleness problem and propose the first practical solution for utilizing profiles collected on binaries built from several revisions behind the release. Our algorithm is developed and implemented in a mainstream open-source post-link optimizer, BOLT. An extensive evaluation on a variety of standalone benchmarks and production services indicates that the new method recovers up to $0.8$ of the maximum BOLT benefit, even when most of the input profile data is stale and would have been discarded by the optimizer otherwise.