An asymptotically optimal algorithm for generating bin cardinalities

In the balls-into-bins setting, $n$ balls are thrown uniformly at random into $n$ bins. The naïve way to generate the final load vector takes $Θ(n)$ time. However, it is well-known that this load vector has with high probability bin cardinalities of size $Θ(\frac{\log n}{\log \log n})$. Here, we present an algorithm in the RAM model that generates the bin cardinalities of the final load vector in the optimal $Θ(\frac{\log n}{\log \log n})$ time in expectation and with high probability. Further, the algorithm that we present is still optimal for any $m \in [n, n \log n]$ balls and can also be used as a building block to efficiently simulate more involved load balancing algorithms. In particular, for the Two-Choice algorithm, which samples two bins in each step and allocates to the least-loaded of the two, we obtain roughly a quadratic speed-up over the naïve simulation.