Beyond Intrinsic Motivation: The Role of Autonomous Motivation in User Experience

Motivation and autonomy are fundamental concepts in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), yet in User Experience (UX) research they have remained surprisingly peripheral. We draw on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to analyse autonomous and non-autonomous patterns of motivation in 497 interaction experiences. Using latent profile analysis, we identify 5 distinct patterns of motivation in technology use -- "motivational profiles" -- associated with significant differences in need satisfaction, affect, and usability. Users' descriptions of these experiences also reveal qualitative differences between profiles: from intentional, purposive engagement, to compulsive use which users themselves consider unhealthy. Our results complicate exclusively positive notions of intrinsic motivation, and clarify how extrinsic motivation can contribute to positive UX. Based on these findings we identify open questions for UX and SDT, addressing "hedonic amotivation" -- negative experiences in activities which are intrinsically motivated but not otherwise valued -- and "design for internalisation" -- scaffolding healthy and sustainable patterns of engagement over time.