Towards Automated Algebraic Multigrid Preconditioner Design Using Genetic Programming for Large-Scale Laser Beam Welding Simulations

Multigrid methods are asymptotically optimal algorithms ideal for large-scale simulations. But, they require making numerous algorithmic choices that significantly influence their efficiency. Unlike recent approaches that learn optimal multigrid components using machine learning techniques, we adopt a complementary strategy here, employing evolutionary algorithms to construct efficient multigrid cycles from available individual components. This technology is applied to finite element simulations of the laser beam welding process. The thermo-elastic behavior is described by a coupled system of time-dependent thermo-elasticity equations, leading to nonlinear and ill-conditioned systems. The nonlinearity is addressed using Newton's method, and iterative solvers are accelerated with an algebraic multigrid (AMG) preconditioner using hypre BoomerAMG interfaced via PETSc. This is applied as a monolithic solver for the coupled equations. To further enhance solver efficiency, flexible AMG cycles are introduced, extending traditional cycle types with level-specific smoothing sequences and non-recursive cycling patterns. These are automatically generated using genetic programming, guided by a context-free grammar containing AMG rules. Numerical experiments demonstrate the potential of these approaches to improve solver performance in large-scale laser beam welding simulations.