Answering Related Questions

We introduce the meta-problem Sidestep$(Π, \mathsf{dist}, d)$ for a problem $Π$, a metric $\mathsf{dist}$ over its inputs, and a map $d: \mathbb N \to \mathbb R_+ \cup \{\infty\}$. A solution to Sidestep$(Π, \mathsf{dist}, d)$ on an input $I$ of $Π$ is a pair $(J, Π(J))$ such that $\mathsf{dist}(I,J) \leqslant d(|I|)$ and $Π(J)$ is a correct answer to $Π$ on input $J$. This formalizes the notion of answering a related question (or sidestepping the question), for which we give some practical and theoretical motivations, and compare it to the neighboring concepts of smoothed analysis, planted problems, and edition problems. Informally, we call hardness radius the ``largest'' $d$ such that Sidestep$(Π, \mathsf{dist}, d)$ is NP-hard. This framework calls for establishing the hardness radius of problems $Π$ of interest for the relevant distances $\mathsf{dist}$. We exemplify it with graph problems and two distances $\mathsf{dist}_Δ$ and $\mathsf{dist}_e$ (the edge edit distance) such that $\mathsf{dist}_Δ(G,H)$ (resp. $\mathsf{dist}_e(G,H)$) is the maximum degree (resp. number of edges) of the symmetric difference of $G$ and $H$ if these graphs are on the same vertex set, and $+\infty$ otherwise. We show that the decision problems Independent Set, Clique, Vertex Cover, Coloring, Clique Cover have hardness radius $n^{\frac{1}{2}-o(1)}$ for $\mathsf{dist}_Δ$, and $n^{\frac{4}{3}-o(1)}$ for $\mathsf{dist}_e$, that Hamiltonian Cycle has hardness radius 0 for $\mathsf{dist}_Δ$, and somewhere between $n^{\frac{1}{2}-o(1)}$ and $n/3$ for $\mathsf{dist}_e$, and that Dominating Set has hardness radius $n^{1-o(1)}$ for $\mathsf{dist}_e$. We leave several open questions.