Unclustered BWTs of any Length over Non-Binary Alphabets

August 28, 2025 ยท The Ethereal ยท ๐Ÿ› arXiv.org

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Authors Gabriele Fici, Estรฉban Gabory, Giuseppe Romana, Marinella Sciortino arXiv ID 2508.20879 Category cs.DM: Discrete Mathematics Cross-listed cs.DS, cs.FL, math.CO Citations 0 Venue arXiv.org Last Checked 5 months ago
Abstract
We prove that for every integer $n > 0$ and for every alphabet $ฮฃ_k$ of size $k \geq 3$, there exists a necklace of length $n$ whose Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT) is completely unclustered, i.e., it consists of exactly $n$ runs with no two consecutive equal symbols. These words represent the worst-case behavior of the BWT for clustering, since the number of BWT runs is maximized. We also establish a lower bound on their number. This contrasts with the binary case, where the existence of infinitely many completely unclustered BWTs is still an open problem, related to Artin's conjecture on primitive roots.
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