Measuring skill-based uplift from AI in a real biological laboratory

Understanding how AI systems are used by people in real situations that mirror aspects of both legitimate and illegitimate use is key to predicting the risks and benefits of AI systems. This is especially true in biological applications, where skill rather than knowledge is often the primary barrier for an untrained person. The challenge is that these studies are difficult to execute well and can take months to plan and run. Here we report the results of a pilot study that attempted to empirically measure the magnitude of \emph{skills-based uplift} caused by access to an AI reasoning model, compared with a control group that had only internet access. Participants -- drawn from a diverse pool of Los Alamos National Laboratory employees with no prior wet-lab experience -- were asked to transform \ecoli{} with a provided expression construct, induce expression of a reporter peptide, and have expression confirmed by mass spectrometry. We recorded quantitative outcomes (e.g., successful completion of experimental segments) and qualitative observations about how participants interacted with the AI system, the internet, laboratory equipment, and one another. We present the results of the study and lessons learned in designing and executing this type of study, and we discuss these results in the context of future studies of the evolving relationship between AI and global biosecurity.