Emulation-based System-on-Chip Security Verification: Challenges and Opportunities

Increasing system-on-chip (SoC) heterogeneity, deep hardware/software integration, and the proliferation of third-party intellectual property (IP) have brought security validation to the forefront of semiconductor design. While simulation and formal verification remain indispensable, they often struggle to expose vulnerabilities that emerge only under realistic execution conditions, long software-driven interactions, and adversarial stimuli. In this context, hardware emulation is emerging as an increasingly important pre-silicon verification technology because it enables higher-throughput execution of RTL designs under realistic hardware/software workloads while preserving sufficient fidelity for security-oriented analysis. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and perspective on emulation-based security verification and validation. We organize the landscape of prior work across assertion-based security checking, coverage-driven exploration, adversarial testing, information-flow tracking, fault injection, and side-channel-oriented evaluation. We provide a structured view of emulation-enabled security verification workflows, including instrumentation, stimulus generation, runtime monitoring, and evidence-driven analysis. We also examine practical challenges related to observability, scalability, property specification, and the definition of security-oriented coverage metrics for emulation-based verification. Finally, we discuss emerging directions such as AI-assisted emulation, digital security twins, chiplet-scale security exploration, automated vulnerability assessment, and cloud-scale secure emulation. Overall, this paper positions emulation as a promising foundation for the next generation of pre-silicon hardware security assurance.